The genesis of iron smelting: from crystallisation to green smelting
鉄精錬の起源：結晶化からグリーン精錬へ (AI 翻訳)
I. Shulga, I.O. Gubareva, E. I. Kotlyarov
🤖 gxceed AI 要約
日本語
本論文は、ウクライナの鉄鋼業の戦後復興における低炭素化の可能性を探る。従来の高炉法から水素直接還元法への移行を提唱し、コークス炉ガスに代わる水素製造技術の必要性を論じる。石炭ガス化などによる水素製造の有効性を示した過去の研究を踏まえ、グリーン製鉄への道筋を描く。
English
This paper explores low-carbon pathways for Ukraine's post-war steel industry reconstruction. It advocates shifting from traditional blast furnaces to hydrogen-based direct iron reduction, and discusses the need for new hydrogen production technologies beyond coke oven gas, referencing previous work on coal gasification. The paper outlines a path toward green steelmaking.
Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.
📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters
日本のGX文脈において
日本でも水素還元製鉄（COURSE50など）が進む中、本論文は石炭ガス化由来水素の活用という点で異なるアプローチを示す。ウクライナ固有の事情を考慮する必要があるが、水素製造技術の多様性を示唆する点で参考になる。
In the global GX context
In the global context of hydrogen-based steelmaking, this paper provides a Ukrainian perspective, emphasizing coal-derived hydrogen as a transitional solution. While not directly applicable to countries with abundant natural gas, it highlights the diversity of hydrogen sourcing in the green steel transition.
👥 読者別の含意
🔬研究者:The paper offers a review of hydrogen production methods for direct iron reduction, relevant to researchers in low-carbon steelmaking.
🏢実務担当者:Steel industry practitioners may find insights on alternative hydrogen sources, though the Ukraine-specific context limits direct applicability.
🏛政策担当者:Policymakers in coal-dependent regions can consider the outlined technology pathways for green steel reconstruction.
📄 抄録（日本語訳）
製鉄の起源：結晶化からグリーン製鉄へ © I.V. Shulga1 ウクライナ国立石炭化学研究所（UKHIN）国営企業、61023、ハルキウ、Vesnina通り7、ウクライナ I.O. Gubareva2、E.I. Kotlyarov3 ウクライナ国立科学アカデミー産業発展問題研究センター、Inzhenernyi通り1a、ハルキウ、61166、ウクライナ 1 Shulga Igor Volodymyrovych、技術科学博士、准教授、上級研究員、コークス部門長、ORCID: 0009-0007-8677-9180、Scopus ID: 59473856500、e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua 2 Gubareva Iryna Olegivna、経済学博士、教授、研究担当副所長、ORCID: 0000-0002-9002-5564、Scopus ID: 57190439486、gubarievairyna@gmail.com 3 Kotlyarov Yevgen Ivanovich、経済科学博士、准教授、経済安全保障・省エネルギー部門長、ORCID: 0000-0002-6366-6729、Scopus ID: 6701345149、e-mail: ekotlarov@i.ua 冶金産業の戦後復興は、現代の技術的、環境的、経済的課題を考慮した新たな技術基盤に基づくものでなければならない。その結果、高炉生産、その需要を満たすためのコークス生産、そして転炉および特に平炉における鋼の製錬は現在では時代遅れであり、より近代的な技術の導入が必要とされている。このことから、発電機ガスを用いた直接還元鉄法と、直接還元鉄の処理による所定の特性を有する金属製品の製造（主に電気冶金技術を用いる）に多大な注意が払われている。コークス化学生産は、合金鋼の製造に必要なフェロアロイの生産のための固相還元剤の供給源として、その重要性を維持するであろう。同時に、鉱石からの金属の最も効率的な還元剤として、水素を工業規模で生産するという課題がある。その使用は、冶金生産の炭素フットプリントと大気中に放出される温室効果ガス排出量を大幅に（数十倍）削減するであろう。現在、水素の主要な工業的供給源は天然ガスメタンの水蒸気改質であり、これはその産業がほぼ全面的に高価な輸入天然ガスに依存しているウクライナにとっては受け入れがたいものである。体積で約60%の水素を含むコークス炉ガスも、コークス生産の減少と、さらに様々な企業に分散している重要な余剰コークス炉ガス資源の不足のため、実行可能な供給源とはみなせない。このことは、水素生産のための新技術の開発を必要としている。このアプローチの有効性は、石炭からの合成液体モーター燃料の生産に関するこれまでの研究において我々によって実証されている。 キーワード：石炭；ガス化；水素；高炉生産；間接還元鉄；直接還元鉄；コークス化学生産。 責任著者 I.V. Shulga、e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua 原稿受領 2026/01/18 受理 2026/03/30 公開 2026/04/17 引用方法： 1. Shulgha I.V. Henezys metalurhii zaliza: vid krytsi do zelenoi metalurhii / I.V., Shulga I.O. Hubarieva, Ye.I. Kotliarov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2026. – № 1. – S. 24-31. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-24-31 2. Shulga, I. V., Hubarieva, I. O., & Kotliarov, Ye. I. (2026). Henezys metalurhii zaliza: vid krytsi do zelenoi metalurhii. Vuhlekhimichnyi Zhurnal, (1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-24-31 論文全文の入手方法： - 発行日から2年以内 – 電子メールによる請求：post@ukhin.org.ua - 発行日から2年後 – Vernadskyウクライナ国立図書館のデータベース「ウクライナの科学定期刊行物」で無料アクセス、リンク： http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgibin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=ukhj 本論文はクリエイティブ・コモンズ表示4.0国際ライセンスの下でライセンスされています https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 参考文献 1. Korohodska A.M. Zahalna khimiia / A.M. Korohodska, I.V. Asieieva, V.I. Bulavin [ta in.]. – Kharkiv: NTU «KhPI», 2025. – 407 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/91083 2. Shulha I.V. Otrymannia vidnovnykiv dlia vyplavky zaliza z rudy (do seredyny KhIKh st.) / I.V. Shulha // Istoriia nauky i tekhniky. Visnyk NTU KhPI. – 2011. – № 1. – S. 177-189. 3. Yaroshevskyi S.L. Resursozberihaiuchi tekhnolohii metalurhiinoho vyrobnytstva na osnovi vykorystannia ukrainskoho vuhillia / S.L. Yaroshevskyi, A.V. Yemchenko, I.V. Shulha [ta in.]. – Kharkiv: Kontrast, 2012. – 204 s. 4. Horonovskyi I.T. Korotkyi dovidnyk z khimii / I.T. Horonovskyi, Yu.P. Nazarenko, Ye.F. Nekriacha. – Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1987. – 833 s. 5. Shulha I.V. Rozrakhunok i proiektuvannia obladnannia vuhlepidhotovchykh i koksovykh tsekhiv koksokhimichnykh vyrobnytstv / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko. – Kharkiv: Planeta-Print, 2020. – 319 s. / – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/52863 6. Shulha I.V. Osnovy tekhnolohii koksuvannia vuhillia / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko, O. V. Bohoiavlenska. – Kharkiv – Ternopil: Krok, 2022. – 128 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/57769 7. Filatov Yu.V. Dosvid vyrobnytstva domennoho koksu pokrashchenoi yakosti z ukrainskoho vuhillia ta vyprobuvannia yoho v domennii plavtsi z vykorystanniam PUT / Filatov Yu.V., Krykunov B.P., Hordiienko O.I. [ta in.]. // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2007. – № 5. – S. 11 - 18. 8. Yaroshevskyi S.L. Efektyvnist pylovuhilnoi tekhnolohii za rakhunok povnoi ta kompleksnoi kompensatsii porushen tekhnolohichnoho protsesu vyplavky chavunu v domennii pechi / Yaroshevskyi S.L., Holukhin N.V., Ivliev V.P. [ta in.] // Metalurhiini protsesy ta obladnannia. – 2010. – № 2. – S. 9-17. 9. Filatov Yu.V. Teoriia ta praktyka vyrobnytstva ta zastosuvannia domennoho koksu pokrashchenoi yakosti: monohrafiia / Yu.V. Filatov, Ye.T. Kovalov, I.V. Shulha. – Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2011. – 128 s. 10. Shulha I.V. Fizyka ta khimiia tverdykh horiuchykh kopalyn / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko. – Kharkiv – Ternopil : Krok, 2022. – – Rezhym dostupu: https://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/57770 – Rezhym dostupu: https://www.primetals.com/portfolio/ironmaking/corexr 12. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Roheisen und flüssigen Stahlvorprodukten. Johannes Schenk (Erfinder), Christian Böhm (Erfinder), Plaul Jan-Friedemann (Erfinder). Lehrstuhl für Eisen- und Stahlmetallurgie – Rezhym dostupu: https://pure.unileoben.ac.at/de/publications/verfahren-und-vorrichtung-zur-herstellung-von-roheisen-undfl%C3%BCssi/ 13. Patent 117374 Ukraina, MPK S21V13/02, S21V11/02. Vidnovlennia oksydu zaliza do metalevoho zaliza iz zastosuvanniam koksovoho hazu ta hazu vid staleplavylnoi pechi z podacheiu kysniu / Metius H.E., MakKlilland D.M.Dzhr., Meisner D.K., Montehiu S.S. / – Rezhym dostupu: https://sis.nipo.gov.ua/uk/search/detail/251754/ 14. Shulga I.V. Napriamky udoskonalennia tekhnolohii konversii vuhillia v syntetychni ridki palyva / I.V. Shulga, M.O. Kyzym, Ye.I. Kotliarov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2023. – № 6. – S. 37-44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2023-0-6-37-44 15. Kyzym M.O. Tekhniko-ekonomichni zasady stvorennia pidhaluzi z vyrobnytstva syntetychnoho ridkoho palyva v Ukraini / M.O. Kyzym, V.Ie. Khaustova, V.V. Shpilevskyi, T.I. Salashenko, Ye.I. Kotliarov, I.V. Shulga, D.M. Kostenko, O.V. Shpilevskyi. – Kharkiv: FOP Liburkina L.M., 2022. – 212 s. 16. Shulha I.V. Ustatkuvannia pidpryiemstv z pererobky tverdykh palnykh kopalyn / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Myroshnychenko. – Kharkiv – Ternopil: NTU «KhPI» - Vydavnytstvo «Krok», 2022. – 134 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/57768 17. Chornyi voden – vcheni poiasnyly, u chomu problema vyrobnytstva takoi enerhii / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://share.google/obdwoYtJvMRlrZ71h 18. Yaka kraina svitu maie naibilshi zapasy vuhillia / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://novyny.live/industriyi/obignala-usikh-iaka-krayina-svitu-maie-naibilshi-zapasi-vugillia-280954.html 19. Shulga I.V. Perspektyvna syrovynna baza protsesiv vyrobnytstva syntetychnoho ridkoho palyva z ukrainskoho vuhillia / I.V. Shulga, Ye.I. Kotliarov, M.O. Kyzym, V.Ie. Khaustova // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2023. – № 5. – S. 3-11. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2023-0-5-3-11 20. Portal danykh vydobuvnoi haluzi Ukrainy. Rudy zaliza / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://eiti.gov.ua/resursi-rozvidka-ta-vidobuvannya/rudi-zaliza_2022/ ______________________________________ 本論文は、国家認証の結果に基づいて国立研究機関が科学研究および科学技術（実験）開発を実施するために割り当てられた公的資金を用いて実施されている「循環経済の文脈における低炭素鉄冶金の発展方向を実証するための包括的科学研究」の一部として作成された。
AI 翻訳（deepseek-v4-flash）。 正確を期す場合は下の原文を参照してください。
📄 Abstract（原文）
THE GENESIS OF IRON SMELTING: FROM CRYSTALLISATION TO GREEN SMELTING © I.V. Shulga1 STATE ENTERPRISE „UKRAINIAN STATE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CARBOCHEMISTRY (UKHIN)‟, 61023, Kharkiv, 7 Vesnina St., Ukraine I.O. Gubareva2 , E.I. Kotlyarov3 Research Centre for Industrial Problems of Development of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1a Inzhenernyi lane, Kharkiv, 61166, Ukrainе 1 Shulga Igor Volodymyrovych, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Head of the Coke Department, ORCID: 0009-0007-8677-9180, Scopus ID: 59473856500, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua 2 Gubareva Iryna Olegivna, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Deputy Director for Research, ORCID: 0000-0002-9002- 5564, Scopus ID: 57190439486, gubarievairyna@gmail.com 3 Kotlyarov Yevgen Ivanovich, Ph.D. in Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Economic Security and Energy Conservation Sector, ORCID: 0000-0002-6366-6729, Scopus ID: 6701345149, e-mail: ekotlarov@i.ua The post-war reconstruction of the metallurgical industry must be based on new technical foundations, taking into account contemporary technological, environmental and economic challenges. Consequently, blast furnace production, the production of coke for its needs, and the smelting of steel in converters and, in particular, open-hearth furnaces are now obsolete, necessitating the introduction of more modern technologies. In view of this, considerable attention is being paid to methods of direct iron reduction using generator gas and the production of metal products with specified properties through the processing of directly reduced iron, primarily using electrometallurgical technologies. Coke-chemical production will retain its importance as a source of solid-phase reducing agents for the production of ferroalloys, which are necessary for the production of alloy steels. At the same time, there is the challenge of producing hydrogen on an industrial scale as the most efficient reducing agent for metals from ores; its use would significantly (by a factor of several dozen) reduce the carbon footprint of metallurgical production and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere. Currently, the main industrial source of hydrogen is the steam reforming of natural gas methane, which is unacceptable for Ukraine, whose industry meets its needs almost entirely through expensive imported natural gas. Coke oven gas, which contains about 60% hydrogen by volume, cannot be considered a viable source either, due to the decline in coke production and the lack of significant spare coke oven gas resources, which are, moreover, scattered across various enterprises. This necessitates the development of new technologies for hydrogen production. The effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated by us in previous studies on the production of synthetic liquid motor fuels from coal. Keywords: coal; gasification; hydrogen; blast furnace production; indirect iron reduction; direct iron reduction; coke-chemical production. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua Manuscript received 2026/01/18 Accepted for publication 2026/03/30 Published 2026/04/17 How to Cite: 1. Shulgha I.V. Henezys metalurhii zaliza: vid krytsi do zelenoi metalurhii / I.V., Shulga I.O. Hubarieva, Ye.I. Kotliarov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2026. – № 1. – S. 24-31. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-24-31 2. Shulga, I. V., Hubarieva, I. O., & Kotliarov, Ye. I. (2026). Henezys metalurhii zaliza: vid krytsi do zelenoi metalurhii. Vuhlekhimichnyi Zhurnal, (1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-24-31 How to obtain the full text of the article: - within 2 years from the date of publication – upon request by e-mail: post@ukhin.org.ua - after 2 years from the date of publication – free access in the database ―Scientific Periodicals of Ukraine‖ of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine by the link: http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgibin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=ukhj This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ References 1. Korohodska A.M. Zahalna khimiia / A.M. Korohodska, I.V. Asieieva, V.I. Bulavin [ta in.]. – Kharkiv: NTU «KhPI», 2025. – 407 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/91083 2. Shulha I.V. Otrymannia vidnovnykiv dlia vyplavky zaliza z rudy (do seredyny KhIKh st.) / I.V. Shulha // Istoriia nauky i tekhniky. Visnyk NTU KhPI. – 2011. – № 1. – S. 177-189. 3. Yaroshevskyi S.L. Resursozberihaiuchi tekhnolohii metalurhiinoho vyrobnytstva na osnovi vykorystannia ukrainskoho vuhillia / S.L. Yaroshevskyi, A.V. Yemchenko, I.V. Shulha [ta in.]. – Kharkiv: Kontrast, 2012. – 204 s. 4. Horonovskyi I.T. Korotkyi dovidnyk z khimii / I.T. Horonovskyi, Yu.P. Nazarenko, Ye.F. Nekriacha. – Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1987. – 833 s. 5. Shulha I.V. Rozrakhunok i proiektuvannia obladnannia vuhlepidhotovchykh i koksovykh tsekhiv koksokhimichnykh vyrobnytstv / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko. – Kharkiv: Planeta-Print, 2020. – 319 s. / – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/ handle/KhPI-Press/52863 6. Shulha I.V. Osnovy tekhnolohii koksuvannia vuhillia / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko, O. V. Bohoiavlenska. – Kharkiv – Ternopil: Krok, 2022. – 128 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi. kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/57769 7. Filatov Yu.V. Dosvid vyrobnytstva domennoho koksu pokrashchenoi yakosti z ukrainskoho vuhillia ta vyprobuvannia yoho v domennii plavtsi z vykorystanniam PUT / Filatov Yu.V., Krykunov B.P., Hordiienko O.I. [ta in.]. // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2007. – № 5. – S. 11 - 18. 8. Yaroshevskyi S.L. Efektyvnist pylovuhilnoi tekhnolohii za rakhunok povnoi ta kompleksnoi kompensatsii porushen tekhnolohichnoho protsesu vyplavky chavunu v domennii pechi / Yaroshevskyi S.L., Holukhin N.V., Ivliev V.P. [ta in.] // Metalurhiini protsesy ta obladnannia. – 2010. – № 2. – S. 9-17. 9. Filatov Yu.V. Teoriia ta praktyka vyrobnytstva ta zastosuvannia domennoho koksu pokrashchenoi yakosti: monohrafiia / Yu.V. Filatov, Ye.T. Kovalov, I.V. Shulha. – Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2011. – 128 s. 10. Shulha I.V. Fizyka ta khimiia tverdykh horiuchykh kopalyn / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Miroshnychenko. – Kharkiv – Ternopil : Krok, 2022. – – Rezhym dostupu: https://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/ handle/KhPI-Press/57770 – Rezhym dostupu: https://www.primetals.com/ portfolio/ironmaking/corexr 12. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Roheisen und flüssigen Stahlvorprodukten. Johannes Schenk (Erfinder), Christian Böhm (Erfinder), Plaul Jan-Friedemann (Erfinder). Lehrstuhl für Eisen- und Stahlmetallurgie – Rezhym dostupu: https://pure.unileoben.ac.at/de/publications/verfahren-und-vorrichtung-zur-herstellung-von-roheisen-undfl%C3%BCssi/ 13. Patent 117374 Ukraina, MPK S21V13/02, S21V11/02. Vidnovlennia oksydu zaliza do metalevoho zaliza iz zastosuvanniam koksovoho hazu ta hazu vid staleplavylnoi pechi z podacheiu kysniu / Metius H.E., MakKlilland D.M.Dzhr., Meisner D.K., Montehiu S.S. / – Rezhym dostupu: https://sis.nipo.gov.ua/uk/search/detail/251754/ 14. Shulga I.V. Napriamky udoskonalennia tekhnolohii konversii vuhillia v syntetychni ridki palyva / I.V. Shulga, M.O. Kyzym, Ye.I. Kotliarov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2023. – № 6. – S. 37-44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X2023-0-6-37-44 15. Kyzym M.O. Tekhniko-ekonomichni zasady stvorennia pidhaluzi z vyrobnytstva syntetychnoho ridkoho palyva v Ukraini / M.O. Kyzym, V.Ie. Khaustova, V.V. Shpilevskyi, T.I. Salashenko, Ye.I. Kotliarov, I.V. Shulga, D.M. Kostenko, O.V. Shpilevskyi. – Kharkiv: FOP Liburkina L.M., 2022. – 212 s. 16. Shulha I.V. Ustatkuvannia pidpryiemstv z pererobky tverdykh palnykh kopalyn / I.V. Shulha, D.V. Myroshnychenko. – Kharkiv – Ternopil: NTU «KhPI» - Vydavnytstvo «Krok», 2022. – 134 s. / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/57768 17. Chornyi voden – vcheni poiasnyly, u chomu problema vyrobnytstva takoi enerhii / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://share.google/obdwoYtJvMRlrZ71h 18. Yaka kraina svitu maie naibilshi zapasy vuhillia / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://novyny.live/industriyi/obignala-usikh-iaka-krayina-svitu-maie-naibilshi-zapasi-vugillia-280954.html 19. Shulga I.V. Perspektyvna syrovynna baza protsesiv vyrobnytstva syntetychnoho ridkoho palyva z ukrainskoho vuhillia / I.V. Shulga, Ye.I. Kotliarov, M.O. Kyzym, V.Ie. Khaustova // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2023. – № 5. – S. 3-11. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2023-0-5-3-11 20. Portal danykh vydobuvnoi haluzi Ukrainy. Rudy zaliza / [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://eiti.gov.ua/resursi-rozvidka-ta-vidobuvannya/rudi-zaliza_2022/ ______________________________________ This article was prepared as part of the ‗Comprehensive scientific study to substantiate the directions for the development of low-carbon iron metallurgy in the context of the circular economy‘, which is being carried out using public funds allocated to enable state research institutions to conduct scientific research and scientific and technical (experimental) development in accordance with the results of state certification.
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