Processing of polyethylene terephtalate waste into aromatic compounds – components of automotive gasoline

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

🔬研究者:Proposes a chemical recycling route for PET to aromatics with detailed integration points for refineries, relevant for catalysis and waste valorization research.

🏢実務担当者:Offers a potential method to convert PET waste into gasoline components, reducing fossil fuel use and waste, applicable for refinery and waste management sectors.

🏛政策担当者:Highlights the potential of chemical recycling to address plastic waste and reduce carbon footprint in fuel production, relevant for circular economy policy.

ポリエチレンテレフタレート廃棄物の自動車用ガソリン成分である芳香族化合物への処理 © K.V. Shevchenko1, A.B. Grigorov2 国立技術大学「ハルキウ工科大学」、61002、ハルキウ、キルピチョワ通り2、ウクライナ 1 Shevchenko Kyrylo Volodymyrovych、技術科学博士、石油・ガス・固体燃料処理技術学科（TPNGおよびTP）博士課程学生、ORCID: 0000-0002-4819-4663、Scopus ID: 57221911422、メール: drekstar2007@gmail.com 2 Andriy Borisovich Grigorov、技術科学博士、教授、TPNGおよびTP学科教授、ORCID: 0000-0001-5370-7016、Scopus ID: 55894206900、メール: grigorovandrey@ukr.net 本研究は、国内経済にとって戦略的に重要である芳香族炭化水素（ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等）の生産拡大という課題の解決に取り組むものである。これは、これらの物質の主要なウクライナ生産者である石油化学産業とコークス化学産業が、武力侵略の結果として大きな損失を被ったことを考慮すると、特に重要である。本論文では、PET廃棄物を自動車用ガソリンの成分、すなわち芳香族炭化水素へ処理する見通しを検討する。現在、PET廃棄物は最も多量に発生するポリマー廃棄物の一つである。PET廃棄物は、製品ライフサイクルの全段階、すなわち生産から消費、廃棄に至るまで発生する。このような廃棄物は、生分解に対する高い耐性を特徴とし、したがって重大な負の環境影響を引き起こす可能性がある。同時に、PET廃棄物は化学リサイクルプロセスのための貴重な原料源として機能し、これにより、危険な廃棄物の蓄積という問題に同時に対処しながら、経済的に重要な製品を得ることが可能になる。 本論文で提案するPET廃棄物処理アプローチは、目標中間生成物としてテレフタル酸を得るための加水分解を伴い、その後、接触脱炭酸および水素化分解を介して、ベンゼンまたはトルエンおよびキシレンのいずれかに変換することができる。この技術の実用化のために、原料調製、直接処理、触媒再生、および製品分離を統合するプロセスフロー図が提案されている。目標製品の実収率を高め、操業中の精油所の条件下でのそれらの適用効果を高めるための主要因子が分析されている。 精油所における自動車用ガソリン生産へのテレフタル酸からの芳香族炭化水素生産の主要な統合ポイントが特定されている。これらの統合ポイントにより、精油所の運用柔軟性を高め（石油系および二次系の芳香族源のバランスをとることにより）、原油調達に関連するコストを削減し（二次原料による部分的な代替を通じて）、PET廃棄物の利用から追加収入を生み出し、高い耐ノック性による市販ガソリンの品質を向上させ、市場性製品の生産に使用される化石原料の割合を減らすことによりガソリン生産のカーボンフットプリントを低減することが可能になる。 キーワード：自動車用ガソリン；PET廃棄物；処理；芳香族炭化水素；ガソリン成分；添加剤；耐ノック性；統合ポイント。 責任著者：A.B. Hryhorov、メール: grigorovandrey@ukr.net 原稿受領 2026/02/18 掲載受理 2026/03/30 公開 2026/04/17 引用方法： 1. Shevchenko K.V. Otrymannia aromatychnykh vuhlevodniv – komponentiv avtomobilnykh benzyniv – iz vidkhodiv polietylentereftalatu yak alternatyvy naftovii ta koksokhimichnii syrovyni / K.V. Shevchenko, A.B. Hryhorov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2026. – № 1. – S. 32-44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-32-44 2. Shevchenko, K. V., & Hryhorov, A. B. (2026). Otrymannia aromatychnykh vuhlevodniv – komponentiv avtomobilnykh benzyniv – iz vidkhodiv polietylentereftalatu yak alternatyvy naftovii ta koksokhimichnii syrovyni. Vuhlekhimichnyi Zhurnal, (1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-32-44 論文全文の入手方法： - 発行日から2年以内 – 電子メール post@ukhin.org.ua にて請求により入手可能 - 発行日から2年後 – Vernadsky国立ウクライナ図書館のデータベース「ウクライナの科学定期刊行物」にて無料アクセス可能、リンク： http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgibin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=ukhj 本論文はクリエイティブ・コモンズ表示4.0国際ライセンスの下でライセンスされています https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 参考文献 1. Elehinafe, F. B. (2021). Waste polyethylene terephthalate packaging materials in developing countries – Sources, adverse effects, and management. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/132222 2. Alaraby, M., Abass, D., Velázquez, A., et al. (2025). Occurrence, analysis, and toxicity of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 23, 1025–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-025-01841-8 3. Andreasi Bassi, S., Tonini, D., Saveyn, H., & Astrup, T. F. (2022). Environmental and socioeconomic impacts of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) packaging management strategies in the EU. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(1), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00761 4. Jovanovic, A., Бугарчић, М., Petrović, M., & Pejić, J. (2025). The global market of PET production: From origins to recycling. Metallurgical and Materials Data, 2(4), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.30544/MMD46 5. Duan, C., Wang, Z., Zhou, B., & Yao, X. (2024). Global polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic supply chain resource metabolism efficiency and carbon emissions co-reduction strategies. Sustainability, 16(10), 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103926 6. Avasthi, K., Bohre, A., Teržan, J., Jerman, I., Kovač, J., & Likozar, B. (2021). Single step production of styrene from benzene by alkenylation over palladium-anchored thermal defect rich graphitic carbon nitride catalyst. Molecular Catalysis, 514, 111844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111844 7. Fadzil, N. A. M., Rahim, M. H. A., & Maniam, G. P. (2014). A brief review of para-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid as a model of primary C–H bond activation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 35(10), 1641–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60193-5 8. Lashkar, V. T., Minhas, G., Fisher, G., et al. (2023). Production of greener styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites through partial substitution of carbon black with bi-modal cellulose fibers. Cellulose, 30, 9485–9499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05463-7 9. Mohanty, S., & Gupta, V. K. (2023). Polybutadiene rubber. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (pp. 1–20). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1615122508011201.a01.pub2 10. Berdnikova, P., Zhizhina, E. G., & Pai, Z. P. (2021). Phenol-formaldehyde resins: Properties, fields of application, and methods of synthesis. Catalysis in Industry, 13(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050421020033 11. Demirpolat, A. B., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2023). Development of composite materials from phenol formaldehyde resins and evaluation of their uses. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 7, 158–162. https://doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.2023.7.4.643 12. Alegbe, E. O., & Uthman, T. (2024). A review of history, properties, classification, applications and challenges of natural and synthetic dyes. Heliyon, 10(13), e33646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33646 13. Wang, F., Wang, L., Cai, X., & Sun, Y. (2012). Synthesis of branched azo dyes based on benzene sulphonamide intermediates and their spectral properties. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics, 128(6), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2012.00395.x 14. Trotsenko, O., Grigorov, A., Nazarov, V., & Nahliuk, M. (2022). Modern trends in the use of additives in fuel and oil materials (overview). Petroleum and Coal, 64(3), 714–724. https://www.vurup.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PCX_Trotsenko_206.pdf 15. Kabatc, J., Jurek, K., Czech, Z., & Kowalczyk, A. (2015). Xylene-1,4-bis4-(p-pyrrolidinostyryl) benzothiazolium borate salt as new functional dye. Dyes and Pigments, 114, 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2014.10.023 16. Turaev, K. K., & Nabiev, D. A. (2023). New pigments based on terephtal acid: Synthesis and properties. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 134–238. https://mjstjournal.com/index.php/mjst/article/view/81 17. Doğan, M. S., & Celik, H. (2023). Organic compounds containing aromatic structure used in pharmaceutical production. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 14(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.51847/lwwtXbfdou 18. Matys, Z., Powała, D., & Orzechowski, A. (2016). Badania nad zastąpieniem toluenu onitrotoluenem w przemysłowej metodzie otrzymywania trotylu. CHEMIK, 70(3), 158–160. https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-1ce31a5a-2246-4357-9110-2d092c4655f4 19. Kobrakov, K. I., Kuznetsov, D., Ruchkina, A. G., & Sharpar, N. M. (2019). Synthesis and properties of azo compounds based on nitroanilines - 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene derivatives and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. Chemical Engineering, 20(10), 440–444. https://doi.org/10.31044/1684-5811-2019-20-10-440-444 20. Cruz, S. L., Rivera-García, M. T., & Woodward, J. J. (2014). Review of toluene action: Clinical evidence, animal studies and molecular targets. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research, 3, 235840. https://doi.org/10.4303/jdar/235840 21. Kandyala, R., Raghavendra, S. P. C., & Rajasekharan, S. T. (2010). Xylene: An overview of its health hazards and preventive measures. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 14(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.64299 22. Yang, J., Roth, P., Durbin, T., & Karavalakis, G. (2019). Impacts of gasoline aromatic and ethanol

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PROCESSING OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE WASTE INTO AROMATIC COMPOUNDS – COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES © K.V. Shevchenko1 , A.B. Grigorov2 National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, 61002, Kharkiv, 2 Kirpichova St., Ukraine 1 Shevchenko Kyrylo Volodymyrovych, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Doctoral Student of the Department of Oil, Gas and Solid Fuel Processing Technologies (TPNG and TP), ORCID: 0000-0002-4819-4663, Scopus ID: 57221911422, еmail: drekstar2007@gmail.com 2 Andriy Borisovich Grigorov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of TPNG and TP, ORCID: 0000-0001-5370-7016, Scopus ID: 55894206900, e-mail: grigorovandrey@ukr.net The study is devoted to solving the problem of expanding production of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.), which are of strategic importance for the domestic economy. This is of particular importance given that the main Ukrainian producers of these substances – the petrochemical and coke industries – suffered significant losses as a result of armed aggression. The article examines the prospects for processing PET waste into components of automotive gasoline – namely aromatic hydrocarbons. At present, PET waste is among the most abundant polymer wastes. PET waste is generated at all stages of the product life cycle, from production to consumption and disposal. Such waste is characterized by high resistance to biodegradation and therefore can cause significant negative environmental impacts. At the same time, PET waste serves as a source of valuable feedstock for chemical recycling processes, which, in turn, makes it possible to obtain products of economic importance while simultaneously addressing the problem of hazardous waste accumulation. The PET waste processing approach proposed in the article involves hydrolysis to obtain terephthalic acid as the target intermediate product, which can subsequently be converted – via catalytic decarboxylation and hydrogenolysis – into either benzene or toluene and xylenes. For the practical implementation of this technology, process flow schemes are proposed that integrate feedstock preparation, direct processing, catalyst regeneration, and product separation. The key factors for increasing the practical yield of target products and the effectiveness of their application under the conditions of operating oil refineries are analyzed. Key integration points for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from terephthalic acid into automotive gasoline production at refineries are identified. These integration points make it possible to increase refinery operational flexibility (by balancing petroleum and secondary sources of aromatics), reduce costs associated with crude oil procurement (through partial substitution with secondary feedstocks), generate additional revenue from PET waste utilization, improve the quality of commercial gasoline due to high knock resistance, and reduce the carbon footprint of gasoline production by decreasing the share of fossil feedstocks used in producing marketable products. Keywords: automotive gasoline; PET waste; processing; aromatic hydrocarbons; gasoline components; additives; anti-knock properties; integration points. Corresponding author: A.B. Hryhorov, e-mail: grigorovandrey@ukr.net Manuscript received 2026/02/18 Accepted for publication 2026/03/30 Published 2026/04/17 How to Cite: 1. Shevchenko K.V. Otrymannia aromatychnykh vuhlevodniv – komponentiv avtomobilnykh benzyniv – iz vidkhodiv polietylentereftalatu yak alternatyvy naftovii ta koksokhimichnii syrovyni / K.V. Shevchenko, A.B. Hryhorov // Vuhlekhimichnyi zhurnal. – 2026. – № 1. – S. 32-44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-32-44 2. Shevchenko, K. V., & Hryhorov, A. B. (2026). Otrymannia aromatychnykh vuhlevodniv – komponentiv avtomobilnykh benzyniv – iz vidkhodiv polietylentereftalatu yak alternatyvy naftovii ta koksokhimichnii syrovyni. Vuhlekhimichnyi Zhurnal, (1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.31081/1681-309X-2026-0-1-32-44 How to obtain the full text of the article: - within 2 years from the date of publication – upon request by e-mail: post@ukhin.org.ua - after 2 years from the date of publication – free access in the database ―Scientific Periodicals of Ukraine‖ of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine by the link: http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgibin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=ukhj This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ References 1. Elehinafe, F. B. (2021). Waste polyethylene terephthalate packaging materials in developing countries – Sources, adverse effects, and management. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/132222 2. Alaraby, M., Abass, D., Velázquez, A., et al. (2025). Occurrence, analysis, and toxicity of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 23, 1025–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-025-01841- 8 3. Andreasi Bassi, S., Tonini, D., Saveyn, H., & Astrup, T. F. (2022). Environmental and socioeconomic impacts of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) packaging management strategies in the EU. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(1), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00761 4. Jovanovic, A., Бугарчић, М., Petrović, M., & Pejić, J. (2025). The global market of PET production: From origins to recycling. Metallurgical and Materials Data, 2(4), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.30544/MMD46 5. Duan, C., Wang, Z., Zhou, B., & Yao, X. (2024). Global polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic supply chain resource metabolism efficiency and carbon emissions co-reduction strategies. Sustainability, 16(10), 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103926 6. Avasthi, K., Bohre, A., Teržan, J., Jerman, I., Kovač, J., & Likozar, B. (2021). Single step production of styrene from benzene by alkenylation over palladium-anchored thermal defect rich graphitic carbon nitride catalyst. Molecular Catalysis, 514, 111844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111844 7. Fadzil, N. A. M., Rahim, M. H. A., & Maniam, G. P. (2014). A brief review of para-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid as a model of primary C–H bond activation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 35(10), 1641–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60193-5 8. Lashkar, V. T., Minhas, G., Fisher, G., et al. (2023). Production of greener styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites through partial substitution of carbon black with bi-modal cellulose fibers. Cellulose, 30, 9485–9499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05463-7 9. Mohanty, S., & Gupta, V. K. (2023). Polybutadiene rubber. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (pp. 1–20). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1615122508011201.a01.pub2 10. Berdnikova, P., Zhizhina, E. G., & Pai, Z. P. (2021). Phenol-formaldehyde resins: Properties, fields of application, and methods of synthesis. Catalysis in Industry, 13(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050421020033 11. Demirpolat, A. B., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2023). Development of composite materials from phenol formaldehyde resins and evaluation of their uses. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 7, 158– 162. https://doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.2023.7.4.643 12. Alegbe, E. O., & Uthman, T. (2024). A review of history, properties, classification, applications and challenges of natural and synthetic dyes. Heliyon, 10(13), e33646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33646 13. Wang, F., Wang, L., Cai, X., & Sun, Y. (2012). Synthesis of branched azo dyes based on benzene sulphonamide intermediates and their spectral properties. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics, 128(6), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2012.00395.x 14. Trotsenko, O., Grigorov, A., Nazarov, V., & Nahliuk, M. (2022). Modern trends in the use of additives in fuel and oil materials (overview). Petroleum and Coal, 64(3), 714–724. https://www.vurup.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PCX_Trotsenko_206.pdf 15. Kabatc, J., Jurek, K., Czech, Z., & Kowalczyk, A. (2015). Xylene-1,4-bis4-(p-pyrrolidinostyryl) benzothiazolium borate salt as new functional dye. Dyes and Pigments, 114, 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2014.10.023 16. Turaev, K. K., & Nabiev, D. A. (2023). New pigments based on terephtal acid: Synthesis and properties. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 134–238. https://mjstjournal.com/index.php/mjst/article/view/81 17. Doğan, M. S., & Celik, H. (2023). Organic compounds containing aromatic structure used in pharmaceutical production. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 14(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.51847/lwwtXbfdou 18. Matys, Z., Powała, D., & Orzechowski, A. (2016). Badania nad zastąpieniem toluenu onitrotoluenem w przemysłowej metodzie otrzymywania trotylu. CHEMIK, 70(3), 158–160. https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-1ce31a5a-2246-4357-9110-2d092c4655f4 19. Kobrakov, K. I., Kuznetsov, D., Ruchkina, A. G., & Sharpar, N. M. (2019). Synthesis and properties of azo compounds based on nitroanilines - 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene derivatives and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. Chemical Engineering, 20(10), 440–444. https://doi.org/10.31044/1684-5811-2019-20-10-440-444 20. Cruz, S. L., Rivera-García, M. T., & Woodward, J. J. (2014). Review of toluene action: Clinical evidence, animal studies and molecular targets. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research, 3, 235840. https://doi.org/10.4303/jdar/235840 21. Kandyala, R., Raghavendra, S. P. C., & Rajasekharan, S. T. (2010). Xylene: An overview of its health hazards and preventive measures. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 14(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973- 029X.64299 22. Yang, J., Roth, P., Durbin, T., & Karavalakis, G. (2019). Impacts of gasoline aromatic and ethanol

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